Florence
Florence (/ˈflɒrəns/ FLORR-ənss; Italian: Firenze [fiˈrɛntse] ⓘ)[a] is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 362,353 inhabitants, and 989,460 in its metropolitan province as of 2025.[2] Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era.[4] It is considered by many academics[5] to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance, becoming a major artistic, cultural, commercial, political, economic and financial center. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence
The Republic of Florence (Latin: Res publica Florentina; Old Italian: Republica di Fiorenza), known officially as the Florentine Republic, was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy.[1][2] The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in Rabodo's (Matilda’s successor) successors' place.[3] The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere (titular ruler of the city), who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy located in Central Italy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence.[2] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany
Renaissance: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Florence
alas, the Florentine Pogen is a swedish cookie. (cf Frank Zappa)
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