AI
(also Appreciative Inquiry)
AI as fork from Cybernetics
In 1955, a summer study project at Dartmouth College was proposed by John McCarthy (with Marvin Minsky and Claude Shannon, who is said to have proposed it)... The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it... Attendees at the Dartmouth summer project included: W. Ross Ashby, Alex Bernstein, Julian Bigelow, Tom Etter, John Holland, Donald Mackay, John McCarthy, W.S. McCulloch, Marvin Minsky, Trenchard More, John Nash, Allen Newell, Abraham Robinson, Nathanial Rochester, Arthur Samuel, David Sayre, Oliver Selfridge, Claude Shannon, Kenneth R. Shoulders, Herbert Simon, and Ray Solomonoff, who gave us the most complete record of the workshop proceedings. The absence at the Dartmouth Summer Project of the pioneer of cybernetics, MIT's Norbert Wiener, was most conspicuous. The conference proposal deliberately did not mention cybernetics. That was the basis of the famous Macy Conferences, which ran from the mid 1940's to around 1960, and included several of the AI pioneers mentioned above. McCarthy wanted to avoid discussions of simple automata theory. By avoiding cybernetics, which focused on analog feedback, it meant he also avoided debates with the powerful Wiener... McCarthy thought mathematical logic should be the basis for the new field. His slogan was "He who refuses to do arithmetic is doomed to talk nonsense."
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