Garbage In, Garbage Out

In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is the concept that flawed, or nonsense (garbage) input data produces nonsense output. Rubbish in, rubbish out (RIRO) is an alternate wording.[1][2][3] The principle also applies more generally to all analysis and logic, in that arguments are unsound if their premises are flawed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_in,_garbage_out cf Systemantics, Semantic Web, Oracle, social science, claim refactoring service